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Book January Vacation Care in November. Popular Weeks Go First.

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Empty school hall set up for vacation care with trestle tables, blank white and brown craft paper, tubs of crayons, stacked green chairs and a basketball hoop, in late-afternoon light

January still feels a long way off. The vacation care programs for it do not. They are being planned and released now, and the popular weeks and days go first.

If you are juggling work, leave and a school calendar that never quite lines up, you are not behind. You are exactly on time. The families who get the weeks they want are usually the ones who book in November, not the ones who wait until December and take what is left.

Book in November, and price the fortnight rather than the day. The booking protects the place. The arithmetic protects the budget.

What changed on 5 January 2026

You might be carrying the old activity test in your head, with its 24, 36, 72 and 100 hours. That is not how it works now. From 5 January 2026, the activity test was replaced by the 3 Day Guarantee, and every CCS-eligible family gets at least 72 hours of subsidised child care a fortnight.

The 100-hour tier still exists. You can get 100 hours a fortnight if you and your partner, if you have one, each do more than 48 hours of recognised participation. It also applies if you have a valid exemption, or if your child is Aboriginal and/or Torres Strait Islander. The hours apply to each child, not to the family as a whole.

The income test and the rates are a separate calculation, and the site’s Child Care Subsidy explainer covers the income test and rates in more detail. Here, the number that matters is your child’s subsidised hours.

One small step: open your Centrelink statement and find the subsidised hours line for each child. That is the number the rest of this article uses.

The fortnight sum

Term time and vacation time look nothing alike in hours. Say your child attends five after-school sessions at three hours and five before-school sessions at one hour. That is 20 hours a week, or 40 hours a fortnight, which fits comfortably inside 72.

Vacation care is different. Ten days at 10 hours is 100 hours in one fortnight. The floor is 72. The difference is 28 hours, which is almost three days of care that the subsidy does not cover unless you are in the 100-hour tier.

The floor matters most in the school holidays, when the hours are concentrated. In term time, 40 hours a fortnight is easy to fit. In January, a ten-day program reaches 100 hours.

Seventy-two hours is seven ten-hour days and two hours. If your child attends shorter sessions, count the hours, not the days.

Days in the fortnight9 hours a day10 hours a day11 hours a day
5 days45 hours50 hours55 hours
8 days72 hours80 hours88 hours
10 days90 hours100 hours110 hours

Read the table by column. At nine hours a day, eight days reach exactly 72 hours. At ten hours a day, ten days reach 100. At eleven hours a day, ten days reach 110, which is 10 hours past the top tier even for a 100-hour family.

For a 72-hour family, ten 10-hour days leave 28 hours unsubsidised, which is 2.8 days. For a 100-hour family, all 100 hours sit inside the tier, but an eleventh day or a run of 11-hour days goes past it.

The fortnight is the unit, not the week or the term. A week that looks fine can still put the fortnight over the limit.

One small step: count the January days you actually need, multiply by the session hours, and compare the total with 72 and 100.

The hourly cap

For school-age children in outside school hours care and vacation care, the cap is $13.30 an hour. CCS is calculated on the lower of the fee and that cap. The cap can change, so check the current figure when you book.

The daily fee is not the hourly rate. If a service charges a daily session rate, divide the fee by the number of hours in the session. The session hours are not always the hours your child attends, so ask which figure the service uses.

Three hypothetical days show how the cap works. Each one is a 10-hour session.

Daily fee (hypothetical)Hourly rateFee CCS applies toGap at 60 per cent CCS (hypothetical)
$130$13.00, under the cap$130$52.00
$150$15.00, over the cap$133$70.20
$180$18.00, over the cap$133$100.20

On the $130 day, the whole fee sits under the cap. On the $150 and $180 days, the subsidy applies to $133, which is $13.30 multiplied by 10 hours. The rest is yours.

An excursion can change the picture again. If the service bills the excursion as a separate charge outside the session fee, that charge is not subsidised. A separate $30 excursion charge is $30 out of your pocket, on top of the gap. If the excursion sits inside the session fee, it is treated like the rest of the fee, subject to the cap.

Both ways are common. The mistake is not asking which one the service uses.

One small step: take one day from your January plan and divide the daily fee by the session hours. If the answer is above $13.30, you know where the cap will bite.

The full January bill

Take a hypothetical family with one child, ten days of vacation care at $130 a day, ten hours a day, and a CCS rate of 60 per cent. The rate is an illustration. Yours will be different, and the statement is the place to find it.

Hypothetical fortnight72-hour family100-hour family
Subsidised hours72100
Gap on subsidised hours at 40 per cent$374.40$520.00
Unsubsidised hours28 at $13.00 = $364.00None
Total for the fortnight$738.40$520.00

The 100-hour family pays 40 per cent of $1,300, which is $520. The 72-hour family pays 40 per cent of the first 72 hours, which is $374.40, plus the full $13 an hour for the 28 hours above the floor, which is $364. The difference between the two families is $218.40 for the same ten days of care.

The arithmetic is per child. If two children attend, the hours and the gap apply to each child separately.

That difference is large enough to plan around. It is the reason the fortnight sum comes before the booking.

A common worry among parents is that the daily fee is the problem. The gap fee is the better number to watch, because it is what the subsidy leaves behind. For some families the gap is still too high, and the subsidy does not cover the extras. That is a real budget problem, and no arithmetic makes it disappear. Pricing the fortnight is how you see the number before it arrives, not a way to pretend it is small.

If the gap is the part that worries you, an emergency fund is the buffer that keeps a big January from turning into a credit card balance. The gap is predictable, which means it can be saved for in advance.

One small step: write the fortnight figure down before you book, using your own CCS percentage and the service’s session hours. A number on paper is easier to plan around than a daily rate in your head.

The booking timeline

Bookings do not open on one national date. They follow each service’s own calendar, which is why the work starts before the program is released.

Now. Check your child’s CCS enrolment and your subsidised hours. You can claim CCS up to six months before your child starts care, so a January booking can be claimed from July. If your child already receives CCS but has not attended outside school hours care for 14 weeks, the service may need to resubmit the enrolment, and you then confirm it in your Centrelink online account through myGov.

When bookings open. Release dates vary by service. One service publishes its program about four weeks before the vacation care period, on a Friday afternoon, and opens bookings at 10am the next day, with term-time families first and casual bookings on the following Tuesday. That is one provider’s process, not a national rule. If you are not a regular term-time family, ask when the casual window opens.

Before day one. Confirm the booking, the session hours, the excursion charges and the cancellation policy in writing. The confirmation should show the days, the session hours and the fee. Ask whether the excursion is inside the session fee or billed separately.

First week. Keep an eye on absences. You can get up to 42 allowable absence days per child each financial year, and extra absences may be available for illness, a pupil-free day or an immunisation grace period. The rules are on the Services Australia page, and the service can tell you how it records them.

Cancellation. Policies differ. One service publishes no charge if the error is reported by the end of the weekend bookings open, 50 per cent of the daily fee in the first week, and the usual session fee minus subsidy after that. Check your service’s policy before you pay, not after you need it.

A booking is not a guarantee of a place, and a CCS claim does not create one. The Department of Education is explicit that families are not guaranteed a place with a provider. Book early, confirm in writing, and keep the confirmation.

One small step: put the booking opening date in your phone now, with a reminder two days before.

Choosing a service

Is the service approved for CCS? The subsidy only applies to services approved for CCS. Ask, and check the service’s approval on the Services Australia side if you are unsure.

What are the session hours, in writing? The daily fee divided by the session hours gives the hourly rate the cap is compared with. A service that will not put the hours in writing is a service to ask again.

Is the excursion inside the fee or outside it? The answer changes what you pay on excursion days. Ask for it before the program starts.

What is the cancellation and absence policy? A January place can be lost or changed, and the policy decides what that costs. Get it in writing with the booking.

If the service is not approved for CCS, the subsidy does not apply. That is not a reason to rule it out, but it is a reason to know before you book.

None of these questions is suspicious. A good service answers them without fuss, because families ask them every year. Ask for the answers in writing, because a phone call is not a record.

One small step: ask the four questions before you pay a deposit.

What to do this week

  1. Find your hours. Open your Centrelink statement and check the subsidised hours for each child: 72 or 100.
  2. Count the days. Work out the January days you need and multiply by the session hours. Compare the fortnight total with your tier.
  3. Check the enrolment. Confirm your CCS claim and the service enrolment, including the 14-week rule if your child has not attended outside school hours care for a while.
  4. Ask when bookings open. Get the date, the priority window and the fee schedule in writing, including excursion charges.
  5. Price the fortnight and book. Use your own CCS percentage, not the 60 per cent in the example. Then book when your window opens.

The order matters. The hours decide the subsidy, the subsidy and the cap decide the gap, and the gap decides what January costs. The booking only protects the place.

Book in November. Price the fortnight. Popular weeks go first.

This is general information, not financial advice.

Sources: The type of child care you use affects it, Services Australia (https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/type-child-care-you-use-can-affect-child-care-subsidy?context=41186&p=180); Recognised participation and activity test for Child Care Subsidy, Services Australia (https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/recognised-participation-and-activity-test-for-child-care-subsidy?context=41186); Don’t forget about Child Care Subsidy for vacation care and OSHC, Services Australia (https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/dont-forget-about-child-care-subsidy-for-vacation-care-and-oshc); Child Care Subsidy if your child is absent from child care, Services Australia (https://www.servicesaustralia.gov.au/child-care-subsidy-if-your-child-absent-from-child-care?context=41186); 3 Day Guarantee is now in effect, Department of Education (https://www.education.gov.au/newsroom/articles/3-day-guarantee-now-effect); Child Care Subsidy hourly rate caps are changing soon, Department of Education (https://www.education.gov.au/early-childhood/announcements/child-care-subsidy-hourly-rate-caps-are-changing-soon-1); Vacation Care Information, St Columba’s OSHC (https://www.stcolsbays.wa.edu.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/Vacation-Care-Information.pdf)

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Family & Parenting

The Free TAFE Course List Stops at the State Border

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Empty TAFE carpentry workshop with a long timber workbench and steel vice, hand tools and sawdust on the bench, and tall windows looking out to gum trees in late-afternoon light

Free TAFE is a state-funded place, not a national course list. The same course can be free in one state, full fee in the next, and absent from the funded list in a third.

Picture two people chasing the same qualification. On one side of a border, the tuition is covered and the out-of-pocket is a few hundred dollars in materials and student fees. On the other side, the same course is a full-fee enrolment, or it is not on this year’s list at all. Nothing about the course changed. The state line did.

That is why a national summary is useless. The program is national on paper. The places are administered by the states, and each one writes its own list. The list changes at the border because the government that writes it changes at the border.

The useful question is narrower: “Is this course, at this provider, funded for me, in my state, this year?” That question gets an answer.

What Free TAFE is

Start with the national frame. The Department of Employment and Workplace Relations describes Free TAFE as $1.5 billion for more than 500,000 Free TAFE and vocational education and training places across Australia from 2023 to 2026.

From 2027 the program becomes permanent. The Free TAFE Act 2025 commits more than $1.6 billion to 2034-35 and at least 100,000 Free TAFE and VET places a year from 2027.

The delivery is not national. Each state and territory runs its own version under its own name, with its own list of Free TAFE courses, eligibility rules and provider list. New South Wales runs NSW Fee Free. Queensland, South Australia, the ACT and the Northern Territory use Fee-Free TAFE. Western Australia runs fee free and low fee training, and Tasmania runs Fee Free TAFE at TasTAFE.

DEWR lists the priority areas the places are meant to serve: care, technology and digital, hospitality and tourism, construction, agriculture, sovereign capability and the VET workforce. It also names priority cohorts, including First Nations Australians, young people aged 17 to 24, people out of work or on income support, unpaid carers, women facing economic insecurity, women in non-traditional fields, people with disability and certain visa holders. A course outside those priorities is less likely to appear on a state list, which is one reason the lists differ.

The money is for tuition, not living costs. Transport, childcare and the cost of not working while you study sit outside the program.

One program. Eight sets of rules.

The eight lists

The state pages do not make this comparison. Every row was read from the state’s or provider’s own page on 8 November 2026. The list tells you what can be funded. It does not tell you what will be.

StateProgram and providerWho can get itWhat “free” leaves out2027
VICFree TAFE at Victorian TAFEs onlyCitizens, permanent residents and NZ citizens training in Victoria; asylum seekers may qualify; usually one course, with priority pathways allowing moreStudent fees and materials6 priority apprenticeships, first year of tuition covered; no 2027 list on the page checked
NSWNSW Fee Free at TAFE NSW and Smart and Skilled providers15 or over, not at school, living or working in NSW; citizen, permanent resident, humanitarian visa holder or NZ citizenMaterial costs are not listed; ask the providerNo list on the page checked
QLDFee-Free TAFE at TAFE Queensland and CQUniversity only15 or over, not at school, living in Queensland, not currently enrolled; one qualification limitUniforms and resourcesEnds 31 December 2026
SAFee-Free TAFE at TAFE SA and selected non-government providers16 or over, not at school, living or working in SA, new to the courseResource and incidental feesCurrent list live; places limited; no 2027 list on the page checked
WAFee free and low fee training at TAFE colleges and private providersSome eligibility criteria apply; existing worker traineeships are excludedOther fees applyNo list on the page checked
TASFee Free TAFE at TasTAFECheck the TasTAFE course page; 2026 places are limitedCheck with TasTAFE2027 applications opened 3 November 2026; fee-free list pending
ACTFee-Free TAFE at CIT17 or over, not at school, living or working in the ACT, new to the courseLearning resourcesAll 2026 places allocated; 2027 list pending
NTFee-Free TAFE at CDU15 or over, living or working in the NT, not at secondary school, new to the courseCheck with CDU2026 closed; 2027 courses coming soon

Queensland’s current Fee-Free TAFE program ends on 31 December 2026. A 2027 start in Queensland is not covered by the page checked.

The ACT has allocated every Fee-Free TAFE and Fee-Free Construction place at CIT for 2026. The page says the initiatives will move to Free TAFE in 2027 and will be updated when the details are confirmed. There is no 2027 list to read yet.

Tasmania opened applications for Semester 1 2027 on 3 November 2026, with the fee-free list still pending. The Northern Territory has closed 2026 and says 2027 courses are coming soon.

New South Wales, Western Australia and South Australia do not publish a 2027 course list on the pages checked. South Australia’s current list is live, with places limited. A current list is not a 2027 list.

Do not enrol against a list you have not seen. Check the state page in the week you apply.

Three differences that decide it

The eligibility gate. The age gate differs: 15 in some states, 16 in South Australia, 17 in the ACT. The rules ask whether you live or work in the state, and most ask whether you are still at school. Victoria adds a residency and citizenship gate, with a route for asylum seekers. The gate decides whether the course is open to you before the course list matters.

Where you live or work is the first question, and it is the same question long service leave rules ask. State lines decide both. Read the state you are in, not the one you grew up in.

The border case is the sharpest version. A person who lives in one state and studies in another is dealing with two sets of rules: the state that funds the place and the state that sets the fee. Ask the provider which state’s funding applies before you enrol.

The course limit. Queensland allows one qualification under Fee-Free TAFE, with an exception that lets a Certificate III in Early Childhood progress to a diploma. Victoria usually funds one course, but priority pathways allow more than one in the same priority area. South Australia allows more than one, provided you are new to each course. A second qualification is a state setting, not a national right.

The limit surprises people who already hold a qualification. A first eligible course may be funded; a second may not be. The provider matters too. Victoria funds Free TAFE at Victorian TAFEs only, and Queensland at TAFE Queensland and CQUniversity only. The same course at a private college may not be funded.

The places. The list is capped. New South Wales says places are limited and a fee-free place is not guaranteed. The ACT has allocated every 2026 place. Queensland warns that student numbers may be capped and the list may change.

The take-up figure shows why. The Victorian Auditor-General’s Office found that 86 per cent of government-subsidised students who started a course on the Free TAFE list in 2023 received Free TAFE funding. Put the other way, about one in seven of those students was subsidised through something other than Free TAFE. The list and the funding are two different things.

Being on the list does not guarantee a funded place.

The rules are not static. A state can change its list, its places or its course limits between one intake and the next. That is why the page date matters.

The bill behind “free”

The exclusions column is the part the word hides. Victoria separates tuition from student fees and materials. Queensland names uniforms and resources. South Australia names resource and incidental fees. The ACT names learning resources. New South Wales does not list material costs at all, which is a reason to ask rather than assume.

A published schedule makes the gap concrete. Victoria University’s 2026 TAFE tuition fees list the Certificate III in Individual Support (Ageing and Disability), CHC33021, at 945 enrolled hours. Under Free TAFE, the tuition is $0. The rest is not.

Victoria University, Certificate III in Individual Support (Ageing and Disability), 2026Amount
Tuition under Free TAFE$0.00
Materials$80.00
Consumables$12.50
Student services and amenities fee$261.00
Out of pocket$353.50
Full-fee student fee for the same course$11,812.50

The student services and amenities fee is $0.33 an hour, capped at $261. At 945 hours the uncapped figure would be $311.85, so the cap does the work. A concession rate of $0.14 an hour, capped at $112, takes the total to $204.50.

It is a separate charge, and it is the line that turns a $0 tuition quote into a bill. Ask any provider to show you that line before you enrol.

Against the full-fee student fee of $11,812.50, the out-of-pocket cost is $353.50. The saving is $11,459, and the student pays about 3 per cent of the full fee.

Two limits on the example. It is one provider’s published 2026 schedule, not the price at every TAFE, in every state or in 2027. And it covers only the costs on the schedule. A care course can carry others: a police check, an NDIS Worker Screening check, travel to placement, a uniform, a first aid certificate. Ask the provider for the full list in writing before you enrol.

The out-of-pocket is small against the full fee and large against a week’s pay. An emergency fund is the right place for that kind of bill, because it arrives in the same weeks as everything else.

None of this makes the program a bad deal. For care, education support and trades, the pathway is real, and a funded place is worth real money. A free certificate with no employer demand is still a weak year. Choose the course for where it leads, then check the funding.

The January intake

January is when the intake starts and the places fill. The order of checks matters more than the date.

Start with the state page, not a provider’s marketing page. A provider can tell you what it offers. Only the state can tell you what is funded. The provider’s own page is the place to check the course code and the campus.

The course list comes next. Confirm the exact qualification code sits on the current list. Course names drift between providers, and a similar name is not the same course.

Eligibility is the third check. Age, residence, work, school status, prior qualifications, course limits. Each state runs its own gate, and the table above is the short version.

The money is where most people stop. Ask for the full fee schedule in writing: tuition, student fees, materials, consumables and anything else the course requires. A daily or hourly rate on a website is not a schedule.

Apply early. A capped place goes to the person who applied, not the person who meant to.

Confirm the place is funded before you pay. A confirmation of enrolment is not a confirmation of funding. The ACT has allocated all 2026 places. Queensland’s current program ends on 31 December 2026. A 2027 start needs a 2027 list, and several states have not published one.

School leavers weighing a university offer beside a TAFE place can start with how ATAR scaling works. The rank is one input. The course list is another, and it is the one that decides what you pay here.

Apprenticeships run on a separate track. Victoria’s 2027 offer covers the first year of tuition for six priority apprenticeships. That is not the same as a standard Free TAFE course place, and it is worth checking on its own.

Apply early, and do not pay until the funding is confirmed.

What to check before you enrol

Four checks, in this order.

  1. State. Confirm the state you live or work in, and read that state’s page, not a summary of it.
  2. Course. Confirm the exact qualification is on the current funded list, at a provider that can deliver it.
  3. Eligibility. Confirm the age, residence, work, school and course-limit rules that apply to you.
  4. Total cost. Confirm the full schedule in writing, including the costs tuition does not cover.

The names differ, and so do the rules. Fee-free in one state is not the same program as fee-free in another. Read the state’s definition, not the label.

Then the 2027 question. If you are starting next year, check whether your state has published a 2027 list. Queensland’s current program ends on 31 December 2026. The ACT has allocated its 2026 places and is waiting on the 2027 list. Tasmania and the Northern Territory have 2027 arrangements pending. New South Wales, Western Australia and South Australia had no 2027 list on the pages checked. None of that is a reason to give up on TAFE, only to check before you enrol.

Free TAFE is a state-funded place, not a national course list. The list, the gate and the tuition are decided by the state you live or work in, and the word “free” covers tuition only. Check the list, check the gate, then price what is left.

This is general information, not financial advice.

Sources: Free TAFE, Department of Employment and Workplace Relations (https://www.dewr.gov.au/skills-reform/free-tafe); About Free TAFE, Victorian Government (https://www.vic.gov.au/about-free-tafe); Free TAFE eligibility, Victorian Government (https://www.vic.gov.au/free-tafe-eligibility); NSW Fee Free training, Skills NSW (https://skills.education.nsw.gov.au/nsw-fee-free); Fee-Free TAFE, Queensland Government (https://www.qld.gov.au/education/training/funded/feefree); Fee Free TAFE eligibility, TAFE SA (https://www.tafesa.edu.au/apply-enrol/admissions-criteria/fee-free); Fee free and low fee training, Jobs and Skills WA (https://www.jobsandskills.wa.gov.au/fee-free-low-fee); TasTAFE (https://www.tastafe.tas.edu.au/); Fee-Free TAFE courses, Charles Darwin University (https://www.cdu.edu.au/study/fee-free-tafe); Fee-Free TAFE, Canberra Institute of Technology (https://cit.edu.au/study/fee-free-tafe); 2026 TAFE tuition fees, Victoria University (https://content.vu.edu.au/sites/default/files/documents/2026-03/2026-tafe-tuition-fees.pdf); Free TAFE audit, Victorian Auditor-General’s Office (https://www.audit.vic.gov.au/sites/default/files/2026-05/20260513_Free-TAFE.pdf)

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Family & Parenting

ATAR Scaling by the Numbers: Rank Beats Scaling, Except in the Top Maths Courses

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Timber study desk under a sash window in late-afternoon light, with three blank kraft-paper exercise books, a pencil, a brass desk lamp, a ceramic mug and a potted fiddle-leaf fig

Somewhere in Year 10 or Year 11, most students hear that the subjects they pick now will quietly raise or sink their ATAR, and that some choices are traps. The official numbers tell a calmer story. Scaling adjusts for the strength of the students who sit a course, not for how hard its content is, so the scaled mark a student ends up with depends mostly on where they rank inside that course. Our position follows the two admissions centres that run the calculation: choose subjects on ability, interest and prerequisites. There is one real exception, and the 2025 tables show it clearly. Students who genuinely belong in the top maths courses do gain from them.

What scaling is, in two systems

The mechanics differ by state, and only two sets of figures appear in this article.

In New South Wales, the Universities Admissions Centre (UAC) builds the ATAR from a student’s best 10 units, which must include two units of English, and each unit carries a scaled mark out of 50. UAC notes that for most courses the scaled mark will be lower than the HSC mark, and that scaled marks are not reported to students at all, which is why so many students compare the wrong numbers when results arrive. In Victoria, the Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (VTAC) converts each study score to a scaled score between 0 and 55, then adds the top four scaled scores, one of which must be an English, to 10 per cent of the fifth and sixth. Queensland, South Australia, Western Australia and the ACT run their own calculations through QTAC, SATAC, TISC and BSSS, and their own publications are the place to look.

The common thread is that the ATAR is a rank, not a score. A rank behaves differently from a fixed line. A threshold like the 75 per cent pass mark on the Australian citizenship test can be cleared by every candidate in the room at once; an ATAR places each student relative to everyone else in their age group, so it cannot be earned by choosing a subject with a reputation. It is earned by placing well.

The check: when a predicted mark comes back from school, ask whether it is an HSC mark, a study score or a scaled figure, because the three are not interchangeable.

Why your rank sets the scaled mark

UAC puts the principle in a single sentence: “Your scaled mark in a course will be influenced by your position in the course and the scaled mean for that course.” Both parts matter, and the second is the one that gets all the attention. The first is the one a student controls.

The table below is drawn from UAC’s Table A3 for the 2025 HSC. Each figure is a scaled mark on a 1-unit basis, out of 50. P90 is the scaled mark of a student who placed ahead of 90 per cent of that course’s candidates; P50 is the middle of the course; P25 is a quarter of the way up.

NSW course, 2025 HSCStudentsScaled meanP90P50P25
English Standard33,65120.431.520.014.5
English Advanced26,29232.842.633.727.7
Mathematics Standard 231,76223.337.323.215.1
Mathematics Advanced16,80931.942.933.225.9
Mathematics Extension 19,27939.747.241.536.6
Mathematics Extension 23,84443.448.344.741.5
Business Studies20,45223.939.223.415.1
Biology20,71026.239.926.718.0
Chemistry10,36932.043.633.925.8
Physics8,81731.043.032.224.0
Legal Studies10,08025.339.925.916.5
Economics5,74131.443.033.025.0

Read across any row and the spread inside a course is wider than the gap between most courses. Business Studies runs from 15.1 at P25 to 39.2 at P90, a range of more than 24 marks, while the difference between its scaled mean and Biology’s is 2.3.

Two limits apply to this table, and UAC states the first itself. Table A3 “should not be used as a simple HSC to scaled mark conversion table”; its primary purpose, in UAC’s words, “is to show the relativities between courses.” The second is that these are 2025 figures, produced by the 2025 cohort, and no table published today can say where a student sitting the HSC in 2027 will land.

The check: find each subject on a shortlist in the table and note how far apart its P50 and P90 sit. That gap is the reward for ranking well, and it is usually larger than any reputation the subject carries.

Three worked examples from the 2025 tables

The students below are hypothetical, invented for illustration. The figures are from the official 2025 tables.

Student A, NSW. Say Student A could realistically finish near the 90th percentile in Business Studies but would sit around the middle of Mathematics Advanced. In Business Studies the P90 scaled mark was 39.2; in Mathematics Advanced the P50 was 33.2. Playing to strength is worth 6.0 scaled marks per unit, and if a middling rank in Advanced slipped to the 25th percentile (25.9), the gap widens to 13.3 per unit. Both are 2-unit courses, so the difference counts twice in the aggregate. On these numbers the “low-scaling” choice is the stronger one for this student, because rank outweighs reputation.

Student B, Victoria. The VTAC 2025 report shows a study score of 40 in Business Management scaling to about 38, and a study score of 25 in Specialist Mathematics scaling to about 36. A strong result in the course with the lower mean beats a weak result in the course with the highest mean among the maths studies. Specialist does pay when the result is respectable: 30 in Specialist scaled to about 43, within a mark of 45 in General Mathematics, which scaled to about 44. The rough break-even on these figures is that Specialist pays off only if a student would land within about 15 study-score points of their General Mathematics result. VTAC publishes these figures as rounded integers and describes them as “an indication” of how scaling adjusts scores, so they are a guide, not an exact conversion.

The ceiling. The highest scaled mark awarded in Mathematics Standard 2 in 2025 was 47.1, and the P99 was 42.9. In English Standard the maximum was 49.3. Scaling reflects how the whole cohort performed, and in these courses even the top result scaled below 50. That is a limit worth knowing, and it cuts both ways. A student at the 90th percentile in Standard 2 scaled to 37.3, below the Mathematics Advanced P75 of 38.9 but well above the Advanced P50 of 33.2 and the P25 of 25.9. For a student who would rank in the bottom half of Advanced, a strong Standard 2 result is usually the better trade.

The check: run your own version of Student A. Pick two candidate subjects, estimate honestly where you would rank in each, and read the scaled marks at those two positions rather than the two means.

Where scaling does count: the top maths courses

The exception is real.

In the 2025 NSW table, a student at the 25th percentile of Mathematics Extension 2 had a scaled mark of 41.5, which is 2.6 marks above a student at the 75th percentile of Mathematics Advanced (38.9). The Extension 1 median was 41.5, and the Extension 2 median of 44.7 sat above the P90 of every course in the table outside the two extensions. In Victoria, Specialist Mathematics had the highest mean of the maths studies at 41.5, and a study score of 40 scaled to about 51, which is where the shorthand that “spesh scales above 50” comes from.

The reason is the cohort. Scaling responds to how well the students in a course perform across all their other courses, and the students who take the top maths courses tend to be strong across the board. UAC’s Table 4.6 shows how concentrated that strength is: among students with an ATAR between 99.00 and 99.95, 67 per cent had an E4, the top band, in Mathematics Extension 2 counting towards their ATAR, and 86 per cent had an E4 in Extension 1.

A vocal minority of students online argue that scaling matters a great deal at the top, and on this point the tables support them. The condition is the one that gets left out of that argument. The gain goes to students who belong in the course, who can keep up with the content and still finish in the middle of a very strong group. A student who is struggling in Extension 2 and would rank near the bottom is the case the “trap” warning describes, and that student usually does better consolidating Extension 1 or Advanced and ranking well there.

The check: ask the maths teacher one direct question, which is where you would be likely to rank in the extension course, not whether you could pass it.

Scaling moves every year

Any published list of high and low scalers describes the cohort that has already sat the exams. VTAC states that “VCE studies are always scaled in the year in which you undertook them”, and UAC recalculates scaling for every HSC cohort in the same way.

The movements are usually small. Between the VTAC 2024 and 2025 reports, a study score of 40 in Specialist Mathematics went from about 52 to about 51, and a 40 in Physics went from about 43 to about 42. Neither change would reverse a sensible choice. They do show that a list consulted in Year 10 describes a group of students two or three years ahead, and nobody outside the admissions centres can know how a future cohort will perform.

The check: whatever list you are shown, look at the year printed on it, then open the current official report and compare.

Myth or strategy: where the advice splits

Two pieces of advice circulate, and they sound opposed. Schools, and the most common view among students online, hold that choosing for scaling is a trap and that a student should take what they enjoy. Tutoring lists rank subjects from best to worst scaling and imply that the order matters. Both are half right.

The ruling, on the 2025 tables: scaling never rescues a weak rank, and it does reward a strong one in a strong cohort. Student A shows the first half, where a top-10-per-cent result in a lower-scaling course beat a middling result in a higher one by 6 marks per unit. The Extension 2 figures show the second half, where even a modest rank in a very strong group scaled above a good rank elsewhere. Students who worry that their subjects “scale down” can take some reassurance from the first half, because a high rank in any course still produces a high scaled mark.

What decides it

UAC’s guidance is plain: “Do not choose courses on the basis of what you believe are the likely effects of scaling.” Choice, it says, should be determined by “your interests, your demonstrated abilities and the value of courses for your future career plans.” VTAC says much the same, warning that “choosing a study that you are not very good at, or engaged in, simply because it may be scaled up would be a mistake.”

That leaves three factors worth weighing side by side. Prerequisites and assumed knowledge come first, because a degree that requires a particular maths or science course will require it whatever that course scaled to last year, and university course pages list these for each degree. Rank comes second, meaning the subjects where a student is likely to finish well up the course, judged on results so far rather than hope. Interest comes third, and it is less soft than it sounds: two years of steady effort is easier in a subject a student wants to do, and that effort is what produces the rank.

What none of the tables can show is how a particular student will develop over Year 11 and 12. That is the limit of any cohort figure, and a reason to weight ability and interest, which a student and their teachers can judge, above a number set by students who have already left school.

The check: open the current scaling report for your state, look up the P50 and P90 for each subject on the shortlist, and set those figures beside the prerequisites for the degrees in view.

What to take into the subject selection meeting

Subject selection is one of the first big decisions a student makes with real numbers attached, and it rewards the same habit in student and parent alike, which is asking the next question rather than accepting the reputation. Three questions cover most of it.

  1. Where would I rank in this course? Ask teachers for an honest estimate based on results so far. Rank is the largest single influence on the scaled mark.
  2. Which courses are prerequisites or assumed knowledge for the degrees I am considering? These are fixed requirements, and they should be on the list before anything else.
  3. If this is a top maths course, do I belong there? If the answer is yes, the 2025 tables show it pays. If the answer is “only just”, the stronger move is usually the course where you would rank well.

A student who chooses on ability, interest and prerequisites is choosing the way UAC and VTAC recommend, and the 2025 figures show why that advice holds. Rank sets the scaled mark, and the top maths courses lift it for students who genuinely belong in them.

Sources: Report on the Scaling of the 2025 NSW Higher School Certificate, Universities Admissions Centre (https://uac.edu.au/assets/documents/scaling-reports/scaling-report-2025-nsw-hsc.pdf); 2025 Scaling Report, Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (https://vtac.edu.au/files/pdf/reports/scaling-report-25.pdf); ATAR and scaling guide, Victorian Tertiary Admissions Centre (https://vtac.edu.au/atar-scaling-guide-2025.html)

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Family & Parenting

Child Care Subsidy: What Your Family Gets, and What Changes

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The entry area of an Australian early learning centre: children's paintings drying on a low table, a chair and a row of plain bags and hats on hooks, a wet playground beyond the window

If you learned how the Child Care Subsidy works before this year, you learned it with the Activity Test in the middle of it, and that is the version most families still carry around in their heads. It is also no longer the version that runs the show. From January 2026, the Activity Test was replaced by the 3 Day Guarantee, and the change matters even if you think nothing has moved for your family.

If you are reading this with a statement open on one screen and a centre’s fee schedule on the other, you are not alone in that, and you are doing the right thing. Families often read more than one set of rules at once, and the site’s piece on medium-term accommodation for families exists for the same reason this one does: to make a support scheme legible without the guesswork.

If that is you, nothing is wrong with your memory either. Policies that change in January take about a year to change in kitchens and car parks, and the version in your head is the version the old forms asked about. This article is the updated version, in the order a family needs it: the hours first, then the money, then the number on your own statement.

And if your child’s hours are already where you want them, the change may not move your family at all. That is the point of a floor: it matters most to the families underneath it, and it costs nothing to the families above.

The name is also the promise: three days. For a family weighing a fourth day of care, the guarantee’s arithmetic is the place to start, because the first three days carry the floor and everything above it is a question of activity, exemption and the family’s own budget.

What the guarantee says

The core of it is simple enough to hold in one sentence. From January 2026, all families are eligible for at least 72 hours of subsidised early childhood education and care per fortnight, which is three days per week, regardless of their activity levels. The word to sit with is “all”. You no longer qualify for those hours by counting your work, study or volunteering; they are the floor for every family.

The 100-hour tier still exists, and it is where two groups sit. Families can still get 100 hours of subsidised care per fortnight if they meet activity requirements or hold a valid exemption. And families caring for a First Nations child are eligible for 100 hours of subsidised care per fortnight, without the activity step. If your family is in either group, the guarantee did not reduce what you had; it lifted the floor underneath everyone else.

One clarification on what the hours are. The unit is hours of subsidised early childhood education and care, which is the same unit your provider counts when it records attendance. The 72 hours works out to three full days for a child who attends full days, and for a family using shorter sessions, the hours figure is the one to compare rather than the day count.

A child's lunchbox being packed on a kitchen bench in winter daylight, a backpack, a coat and a wall calendar beside it, hands only in frame.

For a family already at 100 hours, the guarantee is neither a cut nor a windfall, because the entitlement sits where it sat. The change is easiest to understand as a floor moving rather than a ceiling shifting.

The guarantee also settles something that used to depend on paperwork arriving in advance. The hours are no longer conditioned on the activity figure a family reported, so the uncertainty that came with a change in work or study has less to land on. That is the design change in one line: the floor is unconditional, and the tiers above it remain for the families who meet the requirements.

The worked example, in the source’s own numbers

The fact sheet walks one family through the change, and it is best followed with their figures rather than a made-up family. Sarah and Alex have one child in care three days a week, which is 36 hours, and a combined income of $90,000. Under the old settings, their child was subsidised for 18 hours a week. From January 2026, they are eligible for 36 hours a week, which is the 72 hours a fortnight the guarantee describes.

At the average Centre-Based Day Care hourly fee, the fact sheet puts the difference at $230 a week, or $11,400 a year. That is the shape of the change for one family, and the fact sheet’s own table shows how it narrows as income rises.

Combined incomeBetter off per week
$90,000$230
$120,000$220
$140,000$200

Read the table for what it is. These are weekly amounts at the average Centre-Based Day Care hourly fee, across 50 weeks of care, rounded, and they are illustrations of the change rather than a quote for any particular family. Your fee is your centre’s fee, and your hours are your child’s hours.

Two things stand out in those rows. The first is that the change narrows as income rises, which is the pattern the fact sheet is illustrating rather than a rule about any household. The second is that Sarah and Alex’s example turns on their hours, not on their income alone: a family on the same income with different booked hours lands somewhere else entirely. If your family’s shape is different, hold on to the direction of the change rather than the size of the example: the guarantee came in, and the ceiling stayed.

The annual figure belongs in a budget, because a weekly saving tends to disappear into the week. The fact sheet’s own annual figure for the worked example is $11,400, and that is the size of the change over a year.

What did not change

Here is the doubt to answer plainly, because it is the one most families arrive with: no, everything is not different now. The guarantee lifted the floor. It did not remove the ceiling.

The ceiling is still there in the form of the upper income edge. Families earning over $533,280 in 2024-25 are not eligible for subsidised care, on the fact sheet’s own dating of that figure. The dating is part of how the line should be read: it is the figure that applied in that year, which is why the statement, rather than a remembered threshold, is the thing to check. And hours are still the unit that matters most for planning a week: how many subsidised hours your child has, against how many hours your centre charges for, is the comparison that decides what you pay.

Household income is the number this scheme reads, and it is the number most likely to move during a year: a new job, a return to study or a change in hours all shift it. That is why the statement deserves a re-read whenever the household’s circumstances change, and not only when something looks wrong.

What did not change also deserves saying in the positive, because the guarantee built on the old system rather than replacing it. The activity-based 100-hour tier still sits at the top of the scale, exemptions still work as they worked, and the scheme’s basic shape, hours against fees, is intact. The guarantee changed the floor under every family, and it left the structure above the floor where it was.

For a family planning a year of care, the practical reading is straightforward. The subsidised hours on the statement are the planning unit: hours of subsidy per week, multiplied by the weeks of care the family uses, is the coverage a family has. Everything about the money flows from that number.

What it costs the country

One paragraph of context, because it is context rather than the story: the guarantee is costed at $426.7 million over five years from 2024-25, and that figure includes the implementation work for Services Australia.

The reason to know it is simple. A change with a budget line behind it is a change that has been built into a system, and systems are where your own hours and your own fees actually live. The figure also includes the implementation work for Services Australia, which is the part a family meets directly, because the systems that count hours and produce statements had to change along with the policy. One line closes the money section, and it matters: the guarantee is an entitlement of hours rather than a payment. What those hours are worth depends on the centre’s fee, which is why the fact sheet’s dollar figures are illustrations rather than promises.

Why your own statement is the real answer

This is the boundary of the article: no page can tell your family its rate. The figures above are the fact sheet’s examples, and your entitlement depends on your income, your child’s hours and your centre’s fees, which are not visible from here.

The two statements are where the answer sits. Your Centrelink statement carries the subsidised hours line for each child. Your centre’s statement carries what those hours cost and what is left for you to pay. The gap between the two is the number you are looking for, and it is the one nobody else can see.

Over-the-shoulder view of a person at a kitchen table reading a blurred statement on a tablet, with a pen and a notepad beside them.

Two statements, two jobs. The Centrelink statement is the record of what the government pays towards the care; the centre’s statement is the record of what the care costs. Read alone, either one is confusing. Read together, they answer the question the family asked, which is what a week of care costs after the subsidy has done its part.

The statement also has limits. It will not explain why a week’s hours look the way they do, and it will not compare one month with another; it is a record rather than an explanation. If a line looks wrong, that question belongs with Services Australia, and asking it early is easier than reconstructing it at the end of a quarter. The check is also not a challenge to a decision or a way to fix an error; those are conversations with the agency. It is the habit of knowing your own number, which is the thing that turns a policy change into something a household can plan around.

What to check on your statement

This is a three-minute job, and it is best done now rather than in a January queue. Find the most recent statement. Find the subsidised hours line for each child, and check it against the hours your centre charges for. Then write the gap down somewhere you will see it again, because that number is the one your budget is built on. One habit makes the check faster each time: keep last month’s statement with this month’s, so the comparison is a glance rather than a search.

If the hours on the statement look wrong, that is a question for Services Australia rather than for this page, and the same goes for anything about claiming or backdating. What this article can do is get you to the right numbers, and the guarantee means the floor under those numbers is higher than it was. Bring the statement with you when you ask, because the hours line is the number the conversation is about, and if everything on the page is right, the job is done: the number is confirmed, and the budget can use it.

Sources: Department of Education – 3 Day Guarantee – Early Education (fact sheet)

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